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A year ago we brought SOMA to the Xbox One, and along with it the Safe Mode. The optional mode removed the hostility of enemies and let players explore Pathos-II in relative peace. Most players were pleased with it, and at best it meant that players that hadn't dared to traverse the Atlantic ocean floor before now had a chance to experience it.

Now finally releasing the Amnesia: Collection on Xbox One, and decided to also spice it up with a little treat. We bring you the polar opposite of the Safe Mode: the Hard Mode!

Amnesia: Collection will be released on Xbox One on the 28th of September, after which the mode will be available on Xbox and PC.

What is the Hard Mode?

It is really just as the title suggests: a mode that makes it harder to beat the game. You know, in case The Dark Descent wasn't stressful enough for you.
The Hard Mode has the following features:

- Autosaves are disabled, and manual saving costs 4 tinderboxes
- Sanity dropping to zero results in death
- Less oil and tinderboxes throughout the levels
- Monsters are faster, spot the player more easily, deal more damage and stay around for longer
- There is no danger music when the monsters are near.

So in summary: the environments are harsher, the monsters more unforgiving, insanity is deadly, and death is final – unless you pay a toll.

You can pick between normal mode and Hard Mode when starting a new game of Amnesia: The Dark Descent. The mode changes some fundamental elements of the game, and therefore can't be changed halfway through.

A Machine for Pigs and Justine do not feature this mode.

How does this affect achievements/trophies?

Beating the game on Hard Mode will earn you a new trophy called Masochist. Because, you know, you pretty much have to be one to complete the mode.

The mode affects the Illuminatus achievement, which you can't get during playing in Hard Mode as it reduces the amount of tinderboxes throughout the level.

The Masochist achievement.

Will it be on all platforms?

Yes! The Hard Mode will launch on Xbox and PC versions (Steam, GOG, Humble Bundle) simultaneously. We have started working on the PS4 version with our porting partner, and hope to have it out soon.

Extra

Want a Hard Mode wallpaper? Download a 4K version with and without the logo on our public Drive folder.

Things have been quiet on here due to life in general and also because I had been playing a lot of Guild Ball instead of Warmachine. What's going on right now is that I've started to really miss playing Warmachine and am going to start up again – though I'm going to try and keep playing both games fairly regularly.

It's only been a few months since I last posted about playing Guild Ball, so what happened?

Besides feeling the Guild Ball itch there were a few developments that changed things up for me that made Guild Ball my primary game:

· Our Warmachine community has shifted to play mostly in a Scrum League, and ironically I can't afford to play in that with my work and family situation.
· One of my best friends picked up the Guild Ball Kick Off set, and would come over to play when my wife would have a girl's night out. It was very easy to play him while also taking care of the kids, also only having 12 models max on the table made it easy to get a game in under 1.5 hours.
· My wife started playing some Guild Ball herself, and we got a bunch of games in as well.

I should point out that the Scrum league isn't really a problem, it's not hard at all to get matches for Warmachine, it's just a little different to setup when I'm not in the league.

Other things are changing now as well: my youngest daughter is now big enough where I can't just strap her to my chest to play wargames. She wants to be out and about, which requires a lot of supervision on my part. So gaming with friends while my wife is out isn't as much of an option.

Also while my wife did enjoy playing Guild Ball, my youngest being more active means that we are more tired at the end of the night once both girls are in bed. Plus if she does get time to relax, she'd rather do her actual hobbies.

What has been odd this whole time I've been playing basically Guild Ball is that I've never stopped liking Warmachine. I've still followed what PP has been doing via CID and I think they're doing an amazing job.

It's weird because while our Guild Ball group has grown it's cannibalizing some of our Warmachine players or at least some of them are down on WM but up on GB. I'm certainly not in that category, I see both games as a bit distinct with advantages and disadvantages to both. I can certainly say that after probably 3 months of near exclusive Guild Ball play I'm really missing WMHD.

So now I want to get back on the WM train and though I've had a bit of faction ADD (I also own/play Legion and Khador, who also just got CID's) I've decided to get back on the Troll Train and continue my Tour of Trolls.

I've got my eyes on Borka2 to give a try, though the last game I played with him using a Hooch Hauler in Storm of the North didn't work as well as I'd have hoped. In fact both times I've tried a Storm of the North list with the Raider+Hauler package (Full Northkin Raiders, Hooch Hauler, Full Stone + UA) it hasn't worked out well – the Raiders were too short ranged and were able to be shot down before I could really get work out of them.

Part of the problem in those cases could have been the list not being a good drop vs. my misplay into a list that had more shooting than I did. My gut tells me that the place to really make the Raiders + Hauler shine is with Snipe, aka Gunny or Grim2.

That said, I have to admit that I'm very tempted to steal Tim Banky's tournament winning lists for Madrak1 and Borka2, especially his Borka2 list. It strikes me as very weird to play, but as a beast brick it's highly intriguing:

Borka2

-Runebearer [0]

-Rok [19]

-Mulg [22]

-Earthborn [14]

-Earthborn[14]

-Axer [10]

-Storm Troll [9]

Whelps [0]

Stone + UA [12]

Swamp Gobbers [2]

It feels strange to be playing without Rage, but Primal should be able to do most of the work while also giving a nice hit buff. I believe I'll give it a go, even though I'm tempted to run a Pyre instead of the Storm troll to give Borka a damage buff to put his personal output into "I definitely kill a heavy" range without having to get damaged first. As I understand it, the Storm Troll is there for lightning immunity vs. Cygnar.

I will be getting my first game in some time in tonight and I'll be looking to pair a different Band of Heroes list with this and see how things play out.

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In my last blog entry, I announced the creation of an evolving database of NES ROM headers, focused on cartridge accuracy. However, while I can make a spreadsheet for easy accessibility, spreadsheets are not the best way to organize data for use by other programs. I cannot expect someone wanting a full set of proper NES 2.0 ROMs to manually edit the headers of over 2,900 separate files!

There has to be an easier way, right?
The task of manual fixing isn't slight.
Well, if you read further now,
I'll be happy to tell you how.

Read more »

Chess was important growing up. When I finally got my own room as a kid, it was the former den, filled with my father's chess trophies and books from his time on the Penn State chess team. I wasn't terribly into chess, but I read all the books in the den, mostly sports novels (ugh), chess strategy and how-to books. For a while in high school, I brought my chess set and played in science class, where the game was socially acceptable. My player's handbook stayed at home. I was a solid, thinking several moves ahead kinda kid, so the chess books were mostly aspirational. I felt like I wasn't quite smart enough to go full chess, like a wannabe wizard with an eight intelligence. Magic missile was just out of my grasp.

When I opened the store in 2004, I had a very respectable collection of chess sets, amazing really, for a 940 square foot store (amazing equals dumb for non retailers). These were all on full display, and about once a week, I would remove the pieces of each set, dust the board, and put them back on. My father was impressed when he visited. When it came to chess, I knew how to represent. This was all incredibly time consuming and eventually I lost several boxes, making selling them pretty difficult. Oh, and then there were the missing pieces. Realizing the queen is missing from a $250 Egyptian chess set will make you seek out boxed chess sets pretty fast.

As the display sets sold, their replacements tended not to get re-opened, and eventually not re-ordered as the plain white box did nothing to help move them. Chess sets sold poorly. They have always sold poorly. They sell poorly now. Stores in the region who do much better with chess, who dominate with chess? They sell poorly there too. It's a legacy item, an item that says "games" to the general public. It's a touchstone for me and my father. But chess, to be honest, is a complete waste of space.

That's not true everywhere. There are stores in the Midwest that do gangbusters with chess. But here? The serious players buy their sets online, often through chess organizations or just Amazon. In the store, I think it's enough to have a tournament size Staunton set and a roll up travel set, but beyond that there are hundreds of themed chess sets that will make you crazy as customer seek them out. Civil War? Simpsons? Harry Potter? You could stock an entire store with what's out there ... and promptly go out of business.

I used to special order sets and it was time consuming and unrewarding, unlike the work with other types of games. Help a board game customer and you may have created a regular board game customer and maybe even a board game hobbyist. Help someone with a chess set and you've sold them a chess set and you'll never seem them again.

I've watched my classic games numbers stagnate, even when I double or triple my selection. I've tried more and less and different and boxes with pictures and on display and nope, none of it works. It's dead here. I've been foolish not to drop it sooner. I would look at the corner where our "classic" games reside and fantasize about what I would put there. Frisbee golf. A coffee kiosk. Anything but chess.

With 25% Chinese tariffs, I'm extremely concerned about board games. But then there's chess. All those classic games come from China, really. I had forgotten. It's not even on my radar anymore. We just didn't re-order classic games after the holidays and nobody seemed to mind, except the occasional random customer who has clearly never been here before. We send them to the regional store that has a better selection and also doesn't make money selling them. Then that classic game space got taken up with profitable stuff. So with tariffs on the way, a better use of that space, and performance numbers that I use an example at trade shows of what you should drop, I think it's time to say goodbye to chess. Sorry dad.

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I posted recently about how I often do one-week projects to learn and experiment. I don't have a strict one-week time limit. Sometimes I'll extend a project or come back to it after I've learned something new.

Ten weeks ago I had a one-week project in which I wanted to draw outlines on an isometric view of a dungeon game. I didn't want to outline each block, which could be implemented easily by editing the sprites. Instead, I wanted to outline the larger units. Here's a comparison:

Outlines around every sprite vs around walls

The second thing I wanted to do was to implement all of this in shaders. My first attempt was to draw a "surface id" to a texture, and then draw black outlines whenever the surface changes.

Draw a black line whenever the surface id changes

There were lots more details to implement, including outlines around billboard sprites, field of view, and lighting of wall blocks beyond the outline.

I was pretty happy with that, even though it had some glitches, and I decided that project was finished.

A few weeks later I re-opened this project to explore a different approach. Instead of drawing the lines in a post-process step, I wanted to draw the lines as the sprites were being rendered. I posted some images on Twitter and got a suggestion from @Rezoner, who had made a version where some lines were white and some were black, depending on camera direction. I took that idea and ran with it, making white lines where the player could see the walls.

I was pretty happy with this version too. I then merged the code together into one unified demo, with a toggle. Now I think I'm finished. But who knows? Maybe I'll re-open it later.

Take a look at the demo!

Things for me to keep in mind:

The one-week self-imposed deadline is just a rough guide. I don't have to follow it strictly.
Sharing unfinished work can lead to more ideas for improvement. I should share more things early.
Sometimes all I need is a proof of concept. I don't need to make everything work perfectly. If I actually use this in a real project, I can work out those details then.

Note: We will start off our Smart Contract Hacking journey with some basic solidity programming in the first two weeks. After that we will ramp things up and get a little crazy deploying blockchains and liquidating funds from accounts. But since the purpose of this series is to share the information I have learned over the last two years. I do not want to alienate those new to Smart Contracts and programming so we will take these first few weeks a bit slow.

Also note the text was taken from a book I was / am writing, I retrofitted it for this blog, and placed videos where screenshots may otherwise exist. If something seems off.. Just DM me on twitter and I will update it anything I might have missed during editing, but I tried to edit it as best as possible to meet this format rather then a book.

Cheers @Fiction

http://cclabs.io

Thanks to @GarrGhar for helping me edit/sanity check info for each of the chapters.

About Solidity

The solidity programming language is the language used to write smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. As of my initial writing of this chapter the current compiler version was 0.6.6. However, the versions change rapidly. For example, when I started coding in solidity 2 years ago, solidity was in version 4 and now its version 7 with major library and coding stylistic requirement updates in version 5.

So, note that when compiling your code for labs its best to use the version sited in that particular example. This is easily achieved in the online compilers, by selecting the compiler version from the dropdown menu. If you would like to give yourself a small challenge, use the latest compiler version and try to modify the code to work with it. Usually this just requires a few minor modifications and can be a good learning experience under the hood of how Solidity works and what has changed.

Solidity is very similar to writing JavaScript and is fully object oriented. In the intro chapters we will attempt to provide a quick overview of solidity understanding needed for a penetration tester. This will not be full guide to programming, as programming is considered to be a pre-requisite to application hacking. Instead this chapter will be a gentle introduction of needed concepts you will use throughout this book. Solidity is also a needed pre-requisite for understanding the rest of the information and its associated exploitation course.

However, as long as you understand general programming concepts then you should have no trouble understanding solidity. It is a relatively easy language to get up and running with quickly in comparison to more mature languages like C++ and Java which may take a more significant amount of time to learn.

The most important thing to understand with solidity is that unlike traditional languages, solidity handles transactions of monetary value by default. Meaning you don't need to attach to a payment API to add transactions to your applications. Payment functionality is baked into the language as its primary purpose and for usage with the Ethereum blockchain. All that's needed for financial transactions in solidity is a standard library transfer function, and you can easily send value to anyone's public address.

For example, the following simple function will transfer a specified amount of Ether to the user calling the function provided they have a large enough balance to allow the transfer. But lets not dive into that just yet.

1.  function withdraw (uint amount) {

2.     require (amount <= balances[msg.sender]);

3.     msg.sender.transfer(amount);

4.  }

Structure of a Smart Contract

Rather than discuss payments at this point, let's not jump to far ahead of ourselves. We need to understand the structure of a smart contract. Let's take a look at a Hello World example. We will analyze all of the key aspects that make solidity different then other languages you may currently understand.

You can easily follow along with this on http://remix.ethereum.org which is a free online IDE and compiler for coding in solidity. A full video walk through of Remix is included later on in this chapter. Remix contains in-browser compilers and virtual environments that emulate block creation and allow you to send and receive transactions. This is a powerful development tool and absolutely free to use.

Below is the simple code example we will analyze before moving on to a live walk through.

1.  pragma solidity 0.6.6;

2.

3.  contract HelloWorld {

4.

5.     constructor () public payable {

6.           //This is a comment

7.           //You can put your configuration information here

8.     }

9.

10.   function hello () public pure returns (string memory) {

11.                  return "Hello World";

12.         }

13.}

There is a lot going on in this small program so I will try to break it down as simple as possible. In the first line, we have the pragma statement which is required at the top of each program to let the compiler know which version of solidity this code was written for. As I said earlier, these versions change rapidly due to the evolving technology and many changes are implemented into each new version. So, the compiler needs to know which version you intended this to run on.

On line 3 is the word "contract" followed by whatever name you wish to call your contract. The contract's functionality is then enclosed in curly braces. This is similar to creating a class in any other language. It's a block of associated code that can be inherited, or interfaced with and contains its own variables and methods.

On line 5 contained within the contract curly braces we have a constructor denoted by the word "constructor". The constructor is run one time at contract creation and used to setup any variables or details of the smart contract. This is often used for creating an administrator of the contract or other items that are needed prior to contract usage.

Functions and variables within Solidity also have various types and visibility set with their creation. In this case also on line 5 you will see the words "public" and "payable" used to describe the constructor.

Public you may be familiar with as it's a common visibility keyword used in other languages denoting that anyone can call this function. There are other visibility types in Solidity listed below, we will cover each of these in more detail as we use them to our advantage when hacking smart contracts:

Public

This allows anyone to call and use this function

Private

This allows only the current contract and its functions to call it directly.

Internal

This is similar to private except it also allows derived contracts to use its functionality

External

External can only be called externally by other contracts unless the "this" keyword is used with the function call.

The second keyword in the constructor definition "payable" you may not be familiar with unless you have worked on blockchain projects. The word payable within solidity is needed on any item that can receive Ether. So, by setting the constructor as payable we can send a base amount of Ether to the contract when its deployed. This will add an initial monetary liquidity for whatever functionality the contract is providing. For example, if this were a gambling game, we would need some initial Ethereum to payout our winners before our revenues catch up with our payouts and we start collecting large sums of failed gambling revenue.

Within the constructor is an example of how comments are handled in solidity, the simple double forward slash is used like in most languages. Comments function in the same way as any other language in that they are not processed and they are ignored by the compiler but are useful for understanding the code you wrote later after you have taking time apart from reading your code.

Finally, we have our simple hello function starting on line 10. Again, there is a lot going on here. First is the name of the function with parentheses that can contain arguments like in any other language. However, this function does not take arguments.

You will notice two more keywords in the function definition "pure" and "returns". Returns is simply the way the function denotes that it will return a value to the user, which it then states directly after it what type of variable it returns. In this case, it returns a string in memory. We will talk about memory and storage later on and the security implications of them.

Next is the word "Pure" there are a couple types of functions in Solidity which will list below with a brief description.

View

This type of function does not modify or change the state of the contract but may return values and use global variables.

Pure

A pure function is a function which is completely self-contained in that it only uses local variables and it does not change the state of the smart contract.

Finally, in line 11 we return our string to the user who called the function. In the context of a user, this could be a physical user using an application or smart contract functionality or it could actually be another smart contract calling the function.

Hands on Lab – Remix HelloWorld

Now that we talked over in detail all the new concepts to solidity programs using a small example, lets compile and run this code on remix.ethereum.org.

Action Steps:

ü Browse to remix.etherum.org
ü Type out the the code from above (Do not copy Paste it)
ü Compile and deploy the code
ü Review the transaction in the log window

Intro to the Remix Development Environment Video

In Remix create a new file and type out the example helloworld code. I would suggest that you actually type out all of the examples in this book. They will not be exhaustive or long and will provide you great value and make you comfortable when it comes to writing your own exploits and using the compilers and tools. These are all essential tools to your understanding.

Within your remix environment, you will want to select the compiler version 0.6.6 to ensure that this code runs correctly. If you typed out the code correctly you should not receive any errors and you will be able to deploy and interact with it. In the following video we will walk you through that process and explain some nuances of solidity.

Explaining and Compiling HelloWorld Video:

Lets now quickly review a few key points about the transaction that you saw within the video when compiling your code. This transaction is shown below.

__________________________________________________________________________________

call to HelloWorld.hello

CALL

from 0xBF8B5A94eD4dFB45089b455B1A0e296D6669c625

to HelloWorld.hello() 0xADe285e11e0B9eE35167d1E25C3605Eba1778C86

transaction cost 21863 gas (Cost only applies when called by a contract)

execution cost 591 gas (Cost only applies when called by a contract)

hash 0x14557f9552d454ca865deb422ebb50a853735b57efaebcfc9c9abe57ba1836ed

input 0x19f...f1d21

decoded input {}

decoded output {

"0": "string: Hello World"

}

logs []

_________________________________________________________________________________

The output above is a hello transaction which contains the relevant data retrieved when you executed the hello function in the video. The first important thing to notice is the word "CALL". In solidity there are call and send transactions. The difference between the two is whether they change the state of the blockchain or not. In this case we did not change the state, we only retrieved information so a CALL was issued. If we were changing variables and sending values then a SEND transaction would have been issued instead.

Next you will see the "From" address which should correspond with the address you used to call the transaction. The "To" field should be the address the smart contract was given when you deployed the smart contract. You can view this on your deployment screen next to the deployed contract name by hitting the copy button and pasting it somewhere to see the full value.

You will then see the costs and gas associated with the transaction. Costs change based on the size of the contracts and the assembly code created by the compiler. Each instruction has a cost. We will cover that later when we do a bit of debugging and decompiling.

Finally take note of the Decoded Output which contains the return string of "Hello World".

Summary

If you are new to solidity or new to programming in general this might have been a lot of information. In the next chapter we cover a few more key solidity concepts before moving on to exploiting vulnerabilities where a much more in depth understanding of how solidity works and its security implications will be explored. For more solidity resources and full-length free tutorials check out the following references

Homework:

https://cryptozombies.io/en/course/

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About Solidity

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